RF Designs and Simulations

USB ( Universal Serial Bus ) is the most popular connection used to connect a computer to devices such as digital cameras, printers, scanners, and external hard drives.  USB  is a cross-platform technology that is supported by most of the major operating systems. UART is a computer hardware device that translates data between parallel and serial forms ( SerDes ). A dual UART (Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter), or  DUART , combines two UARTs into a single chip. The universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) takes bytes of data and transmits the individual bits in a sequential fashion. At the destination, a second UART re-assembles the bits into complete bytes. Each UART contains a shift register, which is the fundamental method of conversion between serial and parallel forms. Serial transmission of digital information (bits) through a single wire or other medium is less costly than parallel transmission through mult...

T ime Domain Reflectometry is the analysis of a conductor lines (interconnects)by sending a pulsed signal into the conductor, and then examining the reflection of that pulse. A TDR transmits a short rise time pulse along the conductor. If the conductor is of a uniform impedance and is properly terminated, the entire transmitted pulse will be absorbed in the far-end termination and no signal will be reflected toward the TDR. Any impedance discontinuities will cause some of the incident signal to be sent back towards the source. By examining the polarity, amplitude, frequencies and other electrical signatures of all reflections; tampering or interconnect discontinuity may be precisely located Time Domain Reflectometry is the analysis of a conductor lines (interconnects) by sending a pulsed signal into the conductor, and then examining the reflection of that pulse. A TDR transmits a short rise time pulse along the conductor. If the conductor is of a uniform impedance and is ...

The Emergence of Power Integrity Analysis As the speed of the data signal increases, many reasons including  power supply noise  lead to the degradation of the high-speed signals. In low power high-speed digital interfaces, it is crucial to characterize the whole system power supply in order to minimize power supply noise in the system. High-speed design failures show up as failures at higher operating frequency, data error rates, cross talk errors, and EMI errors. Currently, PI engineers do PI analysis of power system to ensure proper and reliable operation using Electronic Design Automation tools (EDA) before the actual fabrication of board. This reduces board failure chances significantly and also cuts production time. SI and PI are two distinct but related realms of analysis concerned with the proper operation of digital circuits. In SI, the main concern is to make sure that transmitted 1s looks like 1s at the receiver (and same for the 0s). In PI, the main...

Signal Integrity Analysis of High-Speed Interconnects Signal integrity (SI) addresses two key aspects in high-speed digital designs: signal timing and quality. SI analysis aims to ensure signals reach their destination in good condition. In a system, signals travel through various kinds of interconnections (e.g., from chip to package, package to RF board trace and trace to high-speed connectors), with any electrical impact happening at the source end, along with the transmission path or at the receiving end, which affects both signal timing and quality. Connector performance directly affects system performance and reliability. As a result, designing and modeling connectors for multi-gigabit applications is one of the greatest challenges in high-speed digital applications. When designing high-speed applications, the signal transmission quality is a critical factor. At gigabit speeds, high-speed interconnects must be characterized along with the RF board traces. The ever-increa...